Array Classes¶

The galois library subclasses ndarray to provide arithmetic over Galois fields and rings (future).

Array subclasses¶

The main abstract base class is Array. It has two abstract subclasses: FieldArray and RingArray (future). None of these abstract classes may be instantiated directly. Instead, specific subclasses for \(\mathrm{GF}(p^m)\) and \(\mathrm{GR}(p^e, m)\) are created at runtime with GF() and GR() (future).

FieldArray subclasses¶

A FieldArray subclass is created using the class factory function GF().

In [1]: GF = galois.GF(3**5)

In [2]: print(GF.properties)
Galois Field:
  name: GF(3^5)
  characteristic: 3
  degree: 5
  order: 243
  irreducible_poly: x^5 + 2x + 1
  is_primitive_poly: True
  primitive_element: x

In [3]: GF = galois.GF(3**5, repr="poly")

In [4]: print(GF.properties)
Galois Field:
  name: GF(3^5)
  characteristic: 3
  degree: 5
  order: 243
  irreducible_poly: x^5 + 2x + 1
  is_primitive_poly: True
  primitive_element: x

In [5]: GF = galois.GF(3**5, repr="power")

In [6]: print(GF.properties)
Galois Field:
  name: GF(3^5)
  characteristic: 3
  degree: 5
  order: 243
  irreducible_poly: x^5 + 2x + 1
  is_primitive_poly: True
  primitive_element: x

In [7]: GF = galois.GF(2, 100)

In [8]: print(GF.properties)
Galois Field:
  name: GF(2^100)
  characteristic: 2
  degree: 100
  order: 1267650600228229401496703205376
  irreducible_poly: x^100 + x^57 + x^56 + x^55 + x^52 + x^48 + x^47 + x^46 + x^45 + x^44 + x^43 + x^41 + x^37 + x^36 + x^35 + x^34 + x^31 + x^30 + x^27 + x^25 + x^24 + x^22 + x^20 + x^19 + x^16 + x^15 + x^11 + x^9 + x^8 + x^6 + x^5 + x^3 + 1
  is_primitive_poly: True
  primitive_element: x

In [9]: GF = galois.GF(109987, 4, irreducible_poly="x^4 + 3x^2 + 100525x + 3", primitive_element="x", verify=False)

In [10]: print(GF.properties)
Galois Field:
  name: GF(109987^4)
  characteristic: 109987
  degree: 4
  order: 146340800268433348561
  irreducible_poly: x^4 + 3x^2 + 100525x + 3
  is_primitive_poly: True
  primitive_element: x

The GF class is a subclass of FieldArray and a subclasses of ndarray.

In [11]: issubclass(GF, galois.FieldArray)
Out[11]: True

In [12]: issubclass(GF, galois.Array)
Out[12]: True

In [13]: issubclass(GF, np.ndarray)
Out[13]: True

Class singletons¶

FieldArray subclasses of the same type (order, irreducible polynomial, and primitive element) are singletons.

Here is the creation (twice) of the field \(\mathrm{GF}(3^5)\) defined with the default irreducible polynomial \(x^5 + 2x + 1\). They are the same class (a singleton), not just equivalent classes.

In [14]: galois.GF(3**5) is galois.GF(3**5)
Out[14]: True

The expense of class creation is incurred only once. So, subsequent calls of galois.GF(3**5) are extremely inexpensive.

However, the field \(\mathrm{GF}(3^5)\) defined with irreducible polynomial \(x^5 + x^2 + x + 2\), while isomorphic to the first field, has different arithmetic. As such, GF() returns a unique FieldArray subclass.

In [15]: galois.GF(3**5) is galois.GF(3**5, irreducible_poly="x^5 + x^2 + x + 2")
Out[15]: False

Methods and properties¶

All of the methods and properties related to \(\mathrm{GF}(p^m)\), not one of its arrays, are documented as class methods and class properties in FieldArray. For example, the irreducible polynomial of the finite field is accessed with irreducible_poly.

In [16]: GF.irreducible_poly
Out[16]: Poly(x^5 + 2x + 1, GF(3))

FieldArray instances¶

A FieldArray instance is created using GF’s constructor.

In [17]: x = GF([23, 78, 163, 124])

In [18]: x
Out[18]: GF([ 23,  78, 163, 124], order=3^5)

In [19]: x = GF([23, 78, 163, 124])

In [20]: x
Out[20]: 
GF([            2α^2 + α + 2,         2α^3 + 2α^2 + 2α,
                    2α^4 + 1, α^4 + α^3 + α^2 + 2α + 1], order=3^5)

In [21]: x = GF([23, 78, 163, 124])

In [22]: x
Out[22]: GF([ α^17, α^132, α^241,  α^41], order=3^5)

The array x is an instance of FieldArray and also an instance of ndarray.

In [23]: isinstance(x, GF)
Out[23]: True

In [24]: isinstance(x, galois.FieldArray)
Out[24]: True

In [25]: isinstance(x, galois.Array)
Out[25]: True

In [26]: isinstance(x, np.ndarray)
Out[26]: True

The FieldArray subclass is easily recovered from a FieldArray instance using type().

In [27]: type(x) is GF
Out[27]: True

Constructors¶

Several classmethods are defined in FieldArray that function as alternate constructors. By convention, alternate constructors use PascalCase while other classmethods use snake_case.

For example, to generate a random array of given shape call Random().

In [28]: GF.Random((3, 2), seed=1)
Out[28]: 
GF([[242, 216],
    [ 32, 114],
    [230, 179]], order=3^5)

In [29]: GF.Random((3, 2), seed=1)
Out[29]: 
GF([[2α^4 + 2α^3 + 2α^2 + 2α + 2,                 2α^4 + 2α^3],
    [                α^3 + α + 2,              α^4 + α^3 + 2α],
    [  2α^4 + 2α^3 + α^2 + α + 2,         2α^4 + α^2 + 2α + 2]], order=3^5)

In [30]: GF.Random((3, 2), seed=1)
Out[30]: 
GF([[α^185, α^193],
    [ α^49, α^231],
    [ α^81,  α^60]], order=3^5)

Or, create an identity matrix using Identity().

In [31]: GF.Identity(4)
Out[31]: 
GF([[1, 0, 0, 0],
    [0, 1, 0, 0],
    [0, 0, 1, 0],
    [0, 0, 0, 1]], order=3^5)

In [32]: GF.Identity(4)
Out[32]: 
GF([[1, 0, 0, 0],
    [0, 1, 0, 0],
    [0, 0, 1, 0],
    [0, 0, 0, 1]], order=3^5)

In [33]: GF.Identity(4)
Out[33]: 
GF([[1, 0, 0, 0],
    [0, 1, 0, 0],
    [0, 0, 1, 0],
    [0, 0, 0, 1]], order=3^5)

Methods¶

All of the methods that act on FieldArray instances are documented as instance methods in FieldArray. For example, the multiplicative order of each finite field element is calculated using multiplicative_order().

In [34]: x.multiplicative_order()
Out[34]: array([242,  11, 242, 242])